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HSC Physics
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Module 1: Kinematics1.1 Motion in a Straight Line
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1.2 Motion on a Plane
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Module 2: Dynamics2.1 Forces
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2.2 Forces, Acceleration and Energy
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2.3 Momentum, Energy and Simple Systems
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Module 3: Waves and Thermodynamics3.1 Wave Properties
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3.2 Wave Behaviour
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3.3 Sound Waves
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3.4 Ray Model of Light
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3.5 Thermodynamics
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Module 4: Electricity and Magnetism4.1 Electrostatics
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4.2 Electric Circuits
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4.3 Magnetism
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Module 5: Advanced Mechanics5.1 Projectile Motion
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5.2 Circular Motion
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5.3 Motion in Gravitational Fields2 Topics
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Module 6: Electromagnetism6.1 Charged Particles, Conductors and Electric and Magnetic Fields
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6.2 The Motor Effect1 Topic
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6.3 Electromagnetic Induction
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6.4 Applications of the Motor Effect1 Topic
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Module 7: The Nature of Light7.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum3 Topics
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7.2 Light: Wave Model
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7.3 Light: Quantum Model2 Topics
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7.4 Light and Special Relativity
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Module 8: From the Universe to the Atom8.1 Origins of the Elements5 Topics
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8.2 Structure of the Atom3 Topics
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8.3 Quantum Mechanical Nature of the Atom2 Topics
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8.4 Properties of the Nucleus2 Topics
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8.5 Deep Inside the Atom4 Topics
Lesson 29, Topic 2
In Progress
The Standard Model of Matter
Lesson Progress
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Three Generations of Matter (Fermions)
Quarks
| I | II | III |
|---|---|---|
| up <span style=”font-size: 2.5em”>u</span> Spin No.: 1/2 Charge (e): +2/3 | charm <span style=”font-size: 2.5em”>c</span> Spin No.: 1/2 Charge (e): +2/3 | top <span style=”font-size: 2.5em”>t</span> Spin No.: 1/2 Charge (e): +2/3 |
| down <span style=”font-size:2.5em”>d</span> Spin No.: 1/2 Charge (e): -1/3 | strange <span style=”font-size: 2.5em”>s</span> Spin No.: 1/2 Charge (e): -1/3 | bottom <span style=”font-size: 2.5em”>b</span> Spin No.: 1/2 Charge (e): -1/3 |
- Hadrons are particles that feel the strong nuclear force
- Held together by the strong nuclear force
- Baryons are any hadrons composed of 3 valence quarks
- Protons have 2 up quarks and 1 down quark for a +1 charge
- Neutrons have 1 up quark and 2 down quarks for a neutral charge
- Mesons are quark/antiquark pairs
Leptons
| I | II | III |
|---|---|---|
| electron <span style=”font-size: 2.5em”>e</span> Spin No.: 1/2 Charge (e): -1 | muon <span style=”font-size: 2.5em”>\mu</span> Spin No.: 1/2 Charge (e): -1 | tau <span style=”font-size: 2.5em”>\tau</span> Spin No.: 1/2 Charge (e): -1 |
| electron neutrino <span style=”font-size: 2.5em”>\nu_e</span> Spin No.: 1/2 Charge (e): 0 | muon neutrino <span style=”font-size: 2.5em”>\nu_\mu</span> Spin No.: 1/2 Charge (e): 0 | tau neutrino <span style=”font-size: 2.5em”>\nu_\tau</span> Spin No.: 1/2 Charge (e): 0 |
- Leptons only respond to electromagnetic, weak and gravitational forces
- Neutrinos are extremely light and have no electrical charge
- Tau is the only lepton which can decay into a quark
Interactions / Force Carriers
i.e. Bosons
Gauge Bosons (Vector Bosons)
| gluon <span style=”font-size: 2.5em”>g</span> Spin No.: 1 Charge (e): 0 | photon <span style=”font-size: 2.5em”>\gamma</span> Spin No.: 1 Charge (e): 0 | Z boson <span style=”font-size: 2.5em”>Z</span> Spin No.: 1 Charge (e): 0 | W boson <span style=”font-size: 2.5em”>W</span> Spin No.: 1 Charge (e): ±1 |
- Gluons carry the strong nuclear force, holding quarks together
Scalar Bosons
higgs
<span style=”font-size: 2.5em”>H</span>
Spin No.: 0
Charge (e): 0
Four Fundamental Forces
| Force | Acts on | Responsible for | Appears |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gravitational | Objects with mass | Giving an object with mass its weight. | Mod’s 2, 5. |
| Electromagnetic | Charges and currents | Most of the interactions we see in our environment today, including all chemical reactions | Mod’s 4, 6, 7 |
| Strong nuclear | Subatomic particles | Holding a nucleus together. | Mod. 8 |
| Weak nuclear | Subatomic particles | Radioactive decay of atoms. | Mod. 8 |