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HSC Chemistry
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Module 1: Properties and Structure of Matter1.1 Properties of Matter
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1.2 Atomic Structure and Atomic Mass
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1.3 Periodicity
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1.4 Bonding
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Module 2: Introduction to Quantitative Chemistry2.1 Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry
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2.2 Mole Concept
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2.3 Concentration and Molarity
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2.4 Gas Laws
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Module 3: Reactive Chemistry3.1 Chemical Reactions
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3.2 Predicting Reactions of Metals
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3.3 Rates of Reactions
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Module 4: Drivers of Reactions4.1 Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions
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4.2 Enthalpy and Hess's Law
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4.3 Entropy and Gibbs Free Energy
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Module 5: Equilibrium and Acid Reactions5.1 Static and Dynamic Equilibrium5 Topics
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5.2 Factors that Affect Equilibrium2 Topics
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5.3 Calculating the Equilibrium Constant2 Topics
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5.4 Solution Equilibria
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Module 6: Acid/Base Reactions6.1 Properties of Acids and Bases7 Topics
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6.2 Using Brønsted–Lowry Theory2 Topics
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6.3 Quantitative Analysis1 Topic
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Module 7: Organic Chemistry7.1 Nomenclature2 Topics
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7.2 Hydrocarbons2 Topics
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7.3 Products of Reactions Involving Hydrocarbons
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7.4 Alcohols1 Topic
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7.5 Reactions of Organic Acids and Bases
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7.6 Polymers2 Topics
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Module 8: Applying Chemical Ideas8.1 Analysis of Inorganic Substances3 Topics
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8.2 Analysis of Organic Substances
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8.3 Chemical Synthesis and Design
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Working ScientificallyWorking Scientifically Overview1 Topic
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Lesson 21, Topic 1
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Chemical Buffers
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A buffer is an aqueous solution which resists rapid changes in pH with the addition of small amounts of acid or base.
A buffer consists of:
- Weak acid + Conjugate Base
- OR Weak Base + Conjugate Acid
These should be added in roughly equal amounts. The buffer system works by the process of chemical equilibrium.
Examples of Buffer Systems
- Ethanoic Acid + Sodium Ethanoate
- Carbonic Acid + Sodium Bicarbonate
- Ammonia + Ammonium Chloride
Preparation of a Buffer
- Weak Acid & its salt
- e.g. Ethanoic Acid + Sodium Ethanoate
- Weak Acid + Strong Base
- e.g. Ethanoic Acid + Sodium Hydroxide
- Strong Acid + Salt of Weak Base
- e.g. Hydrochloric Acid + Sodium Ethanoate